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Pressoir à vis - Noyer - XVIIIe siècle - provient de la ferme de la Sabranne à Grasse

Jarres et pressoir

Grasse
La fabrication de l'huile d'olive

Dans la région de Grasse la culture de l'olivier est souvent associée à celle de la violette et nombreux sont les parfumeurs qui sont également producteurs d'huile d'olive.
Tout d'abord le broyage des olives se fait sous une meule verticale roulant dans une auge concave entourant sur elle même. La pulpe obtenue est alors enfermée dans des cabas de sparterie ou scourtins. La pression de ces scourtins se fait ensuite à l'aide d'un pressoir à vis.
Empilés sur une dalle ils sont comprimés par la pression qu'exerce la vis sur un plateau. L'huile ainsi obtenue est dite de première pression à froid. La seconde pression effectuée après mouillage de la pulpe à l'eau donne des huiles de qualité inférieure. Par des procédés de décantation et de dilution des résidus dans des bassins successifs, on obtient un produit de qualité très médiocre utilisé pour la savonnerie et l'éclairage. La conservation de l'huile se fait ensuite dans des jarres fermées par des couvercles en bois pour éviter tout contact avec l'air

 

 

C'est au XIVe siècle qu'on y voit apparaître à Biot la jarre destinée au stockage de l'huile. A partir de 1470, ces jarres trouvent de larges débouchés en Provence, en Ligurie et même sur tout le pourtour de la Méditerranée. On en a recensé douze formats différents, allant de soixante litres à cent cinquante litres mais pouvant parfois atteindre six cents litres.

 

Jarre - détail - Biot - XVIe -XIXe siècles

Cette expansion va se poursuivre jusqu'à la fin du XIXe siècle où s'amorce un déclin régulier dû à la transformation des moyens de production et d'échanges. La jarre sera peu à peu remplacée par des fûts et des citernes.

Ces jarres sont généralement marquées d'estampilles, imprimées dans l'argile encore humide, qui peuvent se classer en trois catégories :

  • marque du propriétaire des jarres ou du contenu des jarres.

  • marque du fabricant, ce qui équivaut à une signature.

  • symboles religieux dont le plus répandu est le chrisme Bernardin, sa présence assure une protection qui, des hommes, s'étend vite aux récipients et aux marchandises.

 

vers Grasse

 

 
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